

Football fans following the NFL this season have noticed that the lightning bolt has returned to the San Diego Chargers. The Tennessee Titans have been spotted in baby blue uniforms and helmets emblazoned with an oil derrick, just like the former Houston Oilers.
Even pro baseball is getting in on the retro look now and then.
Throwback jerseys, pants, hats and helmets have mushroomed from a fun fad to a revenue river for pro sports organizations and apparel distributors.
And the popularity of throwback uniforms is a bonanza for Knoxville apparel company Volunteer Apparel Inc. and its manufacturing plant in Luttrell, Tenn.
In the NFL, eight teams have worn the vintage-style uniforms this season in honor of the 50-year anniversary of the launch of the American Football League.
As president of Volunteer Apparel, specializing in sports wear, athletic uniforms and throwback jerseys from most major sports, Dick Jacobstein has overseen an industry with ups and downs rivaling the stock market.
With its factory headquartered in Luttrell, Jacobstein describes Volunteer Apparel as a contract manufacturer of current and throwback athletic uniforms and active wear that makes apparel for major athletic clothing suppliers and shoe companies.
Volunteer makes uniforms for most major sports, including baseball, football and basketball. The company also makes uniforms for track and field, wrestling and lacrosse. The company's clients include high school and lower-division college teams as well as recreational league teams in different sports.
The number of uniforms made varies from season to season, with five percent of revenue attributed to throwback jerseys.
One of Volunteer Apparel's contract affiliates is another Knoxville company, Letrell Sports, a manufacturer of athletic uniforms with no involvement in anything throwback.
An exploding trend
But one of the most high-profile affiliates Volunteer Apparel has is Mitchell & Ness, an internationally known company based in Philadelphia that distributes throwback jerseys and memorabilia, featuring a clientele of well-known athletes and celebrities.
Jacobstein said the popularity of throwback jerseys had cooled off, but he noted the trend has heated up once again. He also described how Volunteer Apparel has remained in business since 1976, partially thanks to the efforts of Peter Capolino, Mitchell & Ness's founder and owner.
"The idea came up with throwback baseball uniforms, using Hall of Famers and other well-known players that went back over the years," Jacobstein said. "(Capolino) went to Major League Baseball and got the license to do throwback uniforms and started manufacturing them."
Capolino said the throwback trend exploded between 1999 and 2003, pointing out that nostalgia jerseys were a hit because they became a "fashion item, not just a fan item."
"For every one fan, there were 100 people who wanted to wear it as a fashion item," Capolino said.
Volunteer Apparel's production quota mirrors Capolino's statistic. The Knoxville company is filling contracts to the tune of up to 4,000 throwback items a month.
Capolino detailed how the trend died down from 2004 to 2007, but there has been a resurgence in demand since '07. The retro look has transcended other styles, including popular hoodies, T-shirts and warm-ups.
Capolino said nearly every Major League Baseball team and most NFL teams are represented in throwback gear, noting that the jerseys of players from Babe Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Mickey Mantle and Jackie Robinson to Nolan Ryan, Cal Ripken and Reggie Jackson are made. Mitchell & Ness and thus Volunteer Apparel are not licensed to make current wear.
"You're not going to see us doing Andy Pettitte and Jorge Posada," Capolino said, laughing, giving a nod to his Philadelphia Phillies.
Capolino called the trend nationwide that has even spilled over to Europe, saying vintage looks in fashion are here to stay.
And Joanna Hunter, an NFL spokesperson, agreed.
Hunter said fans are buying the retro merchandise and appear excited about the AFL Legacy project.
"People love it," Hunter said. "There has been demand by fans, and with the popularity of the Legacy uniforms we'll see them again next year."
Jacobstein credited Capolino with making throwback wear as close to the original as he could.
"It became successful, people started to buy (the jerseys), he got distribution in sporting goods stores around the country and did some promotion and started to build his business around it. He'd get athletes and rappers coming in the store, and some guys started to collect these things. Mitchell & Ness got all this publicity as these athletes wore these things on MTV and other TV channels, as well as at appearances, shows and so forth."
As sales of retro sports apparel grew, Jacobstein said his business grew, too. Volunteer Apparel then began manufacturing throwbacks for Mitchell & Ness.
"We did basketball, baseball and actually did some football uniforms. As the business grew, (Capolino) started take some stuff offshore, and also did a little college stuff, particularly for local schools in Philadelphia. He never pursued the college end of the business more because he had his hands full with the rest of what he was doing."
A thriving business
Baseball throwback jerseys and uniforms are the top items that Volunteer Apparel makes for Mitchell & Ness, which was sold to Reebok years ago. The jerseys are made from wool, the main material that was used for baseball uniforms during the early part of the 20th century.
The wool jerseys, as well as others in select sports, range from $300 to $400, according to Jacobstein.
"There are not a whole lot of wool manufacturers left," he said. "Some of the wool comes from companies in the United States and some comes from Mexico. We sell the high-priced throwbacks, but we still continue to do wool jerseys. We manufacture them in Luttrell, and the lettering is mostly done elsewhere, so we never really see the finished product back here."
Volunteer Apparel made the old New York Giants baseball jerseys for the 50th anniversary of Bobby Thomson's 'Shot Heard Round the World,' said Al Horn, vice president of operations for Volunteer Apparel, referring to Thomson's home run that sent the Giants to the World Series in 1951.
Horn said the Giants jerseys were auctioned.
"It's still a thriving business," Jacobstein observed. "Collectors buy these jerseys and have them autographed by the player and they end up being mounted on the wall in somebody's office or somebody's home."
He said a number of players' jerseys continue to sell year after year. Also, if a former player is back in the news, their jerseys rise in popularity.
Horn said that Volunteer Apparel's Luttrell plant can produce 300 to 500 units a week using special textile equipment to put the products together.
According to Jacobstein, Volunteer Apparel isn't involved in determining the value of its products.
"Leagues set a rate of their fees," he said. "We don't know what the percentages are - whatever Mitchell & Ness and Reebok negotiate.
"Leagues have raised fees over the years. They have arrangements with the NFL, NBA and Major League Baseball. Organizations get a set percentage of the wholesale price. As those fees gone up, retail has gone up with it."
Then Jacobstein said with a laugh, "All we really are is a cut and sew shop."